View Source Documentation

Documentation in Erlang is done through the -moduledoc and -doc attributes. For example:

-module(arith).
-moduledoc """
A module for basic arithmetic.
""".

-export([add/2]).

-doc "Adds two numbers."
add(One, Two) -> One + Two.

The -moduledoc attribute has to be located before the first -doc attribute or function declaration. It documents the overall purpose of the module.

The -doc attribute always precedes the function or attribute it documents. The attributes that can be documented are user-defined types (-type and -opaque) and behaviour module attributes (-callback).

By default the format used for documentation attributes is Markdown but that can be changed by setting module documentation metadata.

A good starting point to writing Markdown is Basic writing and formatting syntax.

For details on what is allowed to be part of the -moduledoc and -doc attributes, see Documentation Attributes.

-doc attributes have been available since Erlang/OTP 27.

Documentation metadata

It is possible to add metadata to the documentation entry. You do this by adding a -moduledoc or -doc attribute with a map as argument. For example:

-module(arith).
-moduledoc """
A module for basic arithmetic.
""".
-moduledoc #{since => "1.0"}.

-export([add/2]).

-doc "Adds two numbers."
-doc(#{since => "1.0"}).
add(One, Two) -> One + Two.

The metadata is used by documentation tools to provide extra information to the user. There can be multiple metadata documentation entries, in which case the maps will be merged with the latest taking precedence if there are duplicate keys. Example:

-doc "Adds two numbers."
-doc #{since => "1.0", author => "Joe"}.
-doc #{since => "2.0"}.
add(One, Two) -> One + Two.

This will result in a metadata entry of #{since => "2.0", author => "Joe"}.

The keys and values in the metadata map can be any type, but it is recommended that only atoms are used for keys and strings for the values.

External documentation files

The -moduledoc and -doc can also be placed in external files. To do so use -doc {file, "path/to/doc.md"} to point to the documentation. The path used is relative to the file where the -doc attribute is located. For example:

%% doc/add.md
Adds two numbers.

and

%% src/arith.erl
-doc({file, "add.md"}).
add(One, Two) -> One + Two.

Documenting a module

The module description should include details on how to use the API and examples of the different functions working together. Here is a good place to use images and other diagrams to better show the usage of the module. Instead of writing a long text in the moduledoc attribute, it could be better to break it out into an external page.

The moduledoc attribute should start with a short paragraph describing the module and then go into greater details. For example:

-module(arith).
-moduledoc """
   A module for basic arithmetic.

   This module can be used to add and subtract values. For example:

   ```erlang
   1> arith:substract(arith:add(2, 3), 1).
   4
   ```
   """.

Moduledoc metadata

There are three reserved metadata keys for -moduledoc:

  • since - Shows in which version of the application the module was added. If this is added, all functions, types, and callbacks within will also receive the same since value unless specified in the metadata of the function, type or callback.
  • deprecated - Shows a text in the documentation explaining that it is deprecated and what to use instead.
  • format - The format to use for all documentation in this module. The default is text/markdown. It should be written using the mime type of the format.

Example:

-moduledoc {file, "arith.asciidoc"}.
-moduledoc #{since => "0.1", format => "text/asciidoc"}.
-moduledoc #{deprecated => "Use the Erlang arithmetic operators instead."}.

Documenting functions, user-defined types, and callbacks

Functions, types, and callbacks can be documented using the -doc attribute. Each entry should start with a short paragraph describing the purpose of entity, and then go into greater detail in needed.

It is not recommended to include images or diagrams in this documentation as it is used by IDEs and c:h/1 to show the documentation to the user.

For example:

-doc """
A number that can be used by the arith module.

We use a special number here so that we know
that this number comes from this module.
""".
-opaque number() :: {arith, erlang:number()}.

-doc """
Adds two numbers.

### Example:

```
1> arith:add(arith:number(1), arith:number(2)). {number, 3}
```
""".
-spec add(number(), number()) -> number().
add({number, One}, {number, Two}) -> {number, One + Two}.

Doc metadata

There are four reserved metadata keys for -doc:

  • since => unicode:chardata() - Shows which version of the application the module was added.

  • deprecated => unicode:chardata() - Shows a text in the documentation explaining that it is deprecated and what to use instead. The compiler will automatically insert this key if there is a -deprecated attribute marking a function as deprecated.

  • equiv => unicode:chardata() | F/A | F(...) - Notes that this function is equivalent to another function in this module. The equivalence can be described using either Func/Arity, Func(Args) or a unicode string. For example:

    -doc #{equiv => add/3}.
add(One, Two) -> add(One, Two, []).
add(One, Two, Options) -> ...

    or

    -doc #{equiv => add(One, Two, [])}.
-spec add(One :: number(), Two :: number()) -> number().
add(One, Two) -> add(One, Two, []).
add(One, Two, Options) -> ...

    The entry into the EEP-48 doc chunk metadata is the value converted to a string.

  • exported => boolean() - A boolean/0 signifying if the entry is exported or not. This value is automatically set by the compiler and should not be set by the user.

Doc signatures

The doc signature is a short text shown to describe the function and its arguments. By default it is determined by looking at the names of the arguments in the -spec or function. For example:

add(One, Two) -> One + Two.

-spec sub(One :: integer(), Two :: integer()) -> integer().
sub(X, Y) -> X - Y.

will have a signature of add(One, Two) and sub(One, Two).

For types or callbacks, the signature is derived from the type or callback specification. For example:

-type number(Value) :: {number, Value}.
%% signature will be `number(Value)`

-opaque number() :: {number, number()}.
%% signature will be `number()`

-callback increment(In :: number()) -> Out.
%% signature will be `increment(In)`

-callback increment(In) -> Out when
   In :: number().
%% signature will be `increment(In)`

If it is not possible to "easily" figure out a nice signature from the code, the MFA syntax is used instead. For example: add/2, number/1, increment/1

It is possible to supply a custom signature by placing it as the first line of the -doc attribute. The provided signature must be in the form of a function declaration up until the ->. For example:

-doc """
add(One, Two)

Adds two numbers.
""".
add(A, B) -> A + B.

Will create the signature add(One, Two). The signature will be removed from the documentation string, so in the example above only the text "Adds two numbers" will be part of the documentation. This works for functions, types, and callbacks.

When writing documentation in Markdown, links are automatically found in any inline code segment that looks like an MFA. For example:

-doc "See `sub/2` for more details".

will create a link to the sub/2 function in the current module if it exists. One can also use `sub/2`as the link target. For example:

-doc "See [subtract](`sub/2`) for more details".
-doc "See [`sub/2`] for more details".
-doc """
See [subtract] for more details

[subtract]: `sub/2`
""".
-doc """
See [subtract][1] for more details

[1]: `sub/2`
""".

The above examples result in the same link being created.

The link can also other entities:

  • remote functions - Use module:function/arity syntax.

Example:

  -doc "See `arith:sub/2` for more details".
  • modules - Write the module with a m prefix. Use anchors to jump to a specific place in the module.

Example:

  -doc "See `m:arith` for more details".
  -doc "See `m:arith#anchor` for more details".
  • types - Use the same syntax as for local/remote function but add a t prefix.

Example:

  -doc "See `t:number/0` for more details".
  -doc "See `t:arith:number/0` for more details".
  • callbacks - Use the same syntax as for local/remote function but add a c prefix.

Example:

  -doc "See `c:increment/0` for more details".
  -doc "See `c:arith:increment/0` for more details".
  • extra pages - For extra pages in the current application use a normal link, for example "[release notes](notes.md)". For extra pages in another application use the e prefix and state which application the page belongs to. One can also use anchors to jump to a specific place in the page.

Example:

  -doc "See `e:stdlib:unicode_usage` for more details".
  -doc "See `e:stdlib:unicode_usage#notes-about-raw-filenames` for more details".

What is visible versus hidden?

An Erlang application normally consists of various public and private modules. That is, modules that should be used by other applications and modules that should not. By default all modules in an application are visible, but by setting -moduledoc false. specific modules can be hidden from being listed as part of the available API.

An Erlang module consists of public and private functions and type attributes. By default, all exported functions, exported types and callbacks are considered visible and part of the modules public API. In addition, any non-exported type that is referred to by any other visible type attribute is also visible, but not considered to be part of the public API. For example:

-export([example/0]).

-type private() :: one.
-spec example() -> private().
example() -> one.

in the above code, the function example/0 is exported and it referenced the un-exported type private/0. Therefore both example/0 and private/0 will be marked as visible. The private/0 type will have the metadata field exported set to false to show that it is not part of the public API.

If you want to make a visible entity hidden you need to set the -doc attribute to false. Let us revisit our previous example:

-export([example/0]).

-type private() :: one.
-spec example() -> private().
-doc false.
example() -> one.

The function example/0 is exported but explicitly marked as hidden; therefore both example/0 and private/0 will be hidden.

Any documentation added to an automatically hidden entity (non-exported function or type) is ignored and will generate a warning. Such functions can be documented using comments.

Compiling and getting documentation

The Erlang compiler will by default insert documentation into EEP-48 documentation chunks when compiling a module. By passing the no_docs flag to compile:file/1, or +no_docs to erlc, no documentation chunk is inserted.

The documentation can then be retrieved using code:get_doc/1, or viewed using the shell built-in command h/1). For example:

1> h(arith).

      arith

  A module for basic arithmetic.

2> h(arith, add).

      add(One, Two)

  Adds two numbers.

Using ExDoc to generate HTML/ePub documentation

ExDoc has built-in support to generate documentation from Markdown. The simplest way is by using the rebar3_ex_doc plugin. To set up a rebar3 project to use ExDoc to generate documentation add the following to your rebar3.config.

%% Enable the plugin
{plugins, [rebar3_ex_doc]}.

{ex_doc, [
 {extras, ["README.md"]},
 {main, "README.md"},
 {source_url, "https://github.com/namespace/your_app"}
]}.

When configured you can run rebar3 ex_doc to generate the documentation to doc/index.html. For more details and options see the rebar3_ex_doc documentation.

You can also download the release escript bundle from github and run it from the command line. The documentation for using the escript is found by running ex_doc --help.

If you are writing documentation that will be using ExDoc to generate HTML/ePub it is highly recommended to read its documentation.